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Source(Gogle.com.pk)Crazy Horse c. 1842-1877
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Crazy Horse (a translation of his Lakotan name, Tasunke Witko) achieved notoriety while he was alive for his skill as a military leader and his defiant attempt to resist Westernizing influences. Since his death, his actions have taken on further meaning, and he is highly regarded as a symbol of Lakota resistance, oftentimes considered wakan (spiritually powerful), and he continues to be emblematic of a traditional past.
Crazy Horse was born in 1841 or 1842 near the Black Hills (South Dakota). He apparently had yellow-brown hair and was initially called Light Hair and Curly. His father was a medicine man; but less is known about his mother, who died young; his father later remarried. He was reportedly good with horses, and this garnered him the name His Horses Looking. His interest in a married woman, Black Buffalo Woman, led to a shooting that left Crazy Horse with a scar. Later, he married Black Shawl and they had a daughter, They Are Afraid of Her, who died at age 2. In 1877 he also married Nellie Laravie, an 18-year-old mixed-blood woman.
His father and grandfather both were named Crazy Horse, and he himself finally earned this name in his teen years. Around this time, Crazy Horse had a vision that involved a horseman who is plainly dressed and riding untouched through a storm. Crazy Horse himself began to dress plainly, with a red-tailed hawk feather, and it was assumed that he and his horse were invulnerable. There are also reports that he would throw dust over his horse before battle and that he wore a small stone, or wotawe (sacred charm), for protection. He was a quiet and introspective man who seldom joined in public events.
In an effort to resolve the conflicts following from Western expansion, Red Cloud and Spotted Tail agreed to settle at agencies, camps associated with government Indian agents that later became reservations, with the signing of the 1868 Fort Laramie treaty. Crazy Horse alone resolved to stay on his own lands in the Black Hills, until several events led to his surrender. Gold was discovered in the Black Hills and battles commenced against those who resisted the order to reservation land. Crazy Horse fought his best in the last two great battles, Rosebud and Little Bighorn. On June 17, 1876, assaults forced Brigadier General George Crook’s troops to retreat at the Battle of the Rosebud. Days later (June 25), Crazy Horse and others led the victory against Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer at the Battle of Little Bighorn.
These victories led to increased military pressure and famine. Supplies and morale diminished at Crazy Horse’s camp with the dwindling of buffalo, restricted trade, and a cold winter. Given the promise of an agency in the northern country, Crazy Horse led 889 followers to Fort Robinson in May 1877, but the promised agency fell through, and Crazy Horse was given a campsite near Red Cloud’s agency close to the White River (Nebraska). There was concern on the part of those trying to maintain stable relations—both Indian agents and Lakota leaders—that Crazy Horse would continue to hunt, given his refusal of rations, and that he would weaken the elders’ efforts to maintain peace at the agency. Also, there might have been concern from the Lakota leaders of Red Cloud’s and Spotted Tail’s agencies that Crazy Horse was gaining too much favor from the Indian agents and unsettling the status of existing agencies.
After four months in the camps, General Crook issued an order for Crazy Horse’s arrest. Crazy Horse at first assumed he was going to a council meeting, but resisted when he realized he might be imprisoned. It seems that his ally Little Big Man restrained him, either to placate him, in order to protect himself from Crazy Horse’s knife, or to serve questionable political interests. A low-ranking cavalry soldier named William Gentiles is credited with stabbing Crazy Horse with a bayonet, intentionally or not. Crazy Horse died September 5, 1877, at Fort Robinson, and his father buried his son at an undisclosed site with the agreement of those in attendance that they smoke a pipe and pledge not to reveal its location.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Kadlecek, Edward, and Mabell Kadlecek. 1981. To Kill an Eagle: Indian Views on the Last Days of Crazy Horse. Boulder, CO: Johnson Books.
Marshall, Joseph M. 2004. The Journey of Crazy Horse: A Lakota History. New York: Viking.
McMurtry, Larry. 1999. Crazy Horse: A Penguin Life. New York: Viking.
Larissa Petrillo
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"Crazy Horse." International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. 2008. Encyclopedia.com. 12 Oct. 2013 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.
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1. Horse is British band that existed between 1968 to 1971 and then turned into Saturnalia. The Founders were Rod Roach on guitar and Adrian Hawkins on vocal. The line-up was complete when Steve Holley on drums and Colin Standring, a previous member of Kit and the Saracens & Jimmy Brown Sound, on bass joined them. In this time, Standring was at Surrey University. Their only album was recorded in Olympic Studio Two at Barnes / London in 1969
2. Horse is the name of a band, leaded by Horse McDonald that existed from 1990 to 1995. From then Horse McDonald continued solo under the same name. Currently, Horse is finishing her ninth album.
Horse, the band and the singer/songwriter, has supported such artists as BB King, Tina Turner, Nanci Griffith and Aztec Camera. She has worked in the US, Holland, Germany and the UK.
The range of styles varies, but its mostly catchy acoustic tunes. Horse was born as Sheena McDonald in Newport on Tay, Fife on the 22nd of November 1958. (Saint Cecelia’s Day the saint of music.) She lived in the little fishing village of Anstruther for about two years. The family moved from there to the town of Lanark where she spent her formative years, with dad, mum, and two brothers, one older, one younger.
Official Homepage: http://www.horsemcdonald.com/
3. Horse was a stoner rock band from Finland, whose music has influences from rock, blues and psychedelia. Nowadays named Hi-Horse; http://myspace.com/horsemyspace
4. Rock ‘n Roll saves lives! Horse is a post-punk band from Delft, the Netherlands.http://www.horse.nl
5. Horse is a singer/songwriter from Houston, TX. Horse was started by Fernando Nava in 2004. Current members include Diego Arciniega, Jaime Nava, and Collin Hedrick. http://horsetx.blogspot.com
Edited by Cultuurbased on 19 Sep 2011, 12:24
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